LLP Form 23

Application to the Registrar for Direction to Change Name

Due: Within 24 months of the incorporation of the LLP whose name is being challenged

Form 23 isn't filed by the LLP whose name is being challenged — it's filed against it. An existing LLP, company, or the proprietor of a registered trademark can use this form to apply to the Regional Director, asking that a newer LLP with a similar or identical name be directed to change it.
It's filed under Section 17 of the LLP Act, 2008, read with Rule 19(1) of the LLP Rules, 2009, and must be filed within 24 months of the incorporation of the LLP being challenged — after that window closes, this route is no longer available.
If you're on the receiving end of a Form 23 application — your LLP is the newer, similarly-named one — the practical next step is usually a voluntary name change via Form 5 before the Regional Director issues a formal direction, since ignoring the application doesn't make it go away and a directed change comes with its own compliance timeline.
Official MCA Reference
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